From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica, Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkosta ˈrika]), is a republic in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east-southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Costa Rica was the first country in the world to constitutionally abolish its army.[1] Among Latin American countries, Costa Rica ranks 4th in terms of the 2007 Human Development Index, and 48th worldwide.[2] Costa Rica is ranked 5th in the world in terms of the 2008 Environmental Performance Index, up from the 15th place in 2006.[3][4] In 2007 the government of Costa Rica stated that they want to be the first country to become carbon neutral by 2021.[5][6][7]
History
-
In Pre-Columbian times the indigenous people, in what is now known as Costa Rica, were part of the international Intermediate Area located between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions. This has recently been updated to include the influence of the Isthmo-Colombian area. It was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met.
The northwest of the country, the Nicoya Peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl (named after Nitin) cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the sixteenth century. The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences. However, the indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree, as most of these died from diseases such as smallpox[8] and mistreatment by the Spaniards.
The first European to reach what is now Costa Rica was Christopher Columbus in 1502.[9] During Spanish Colonial times, the largest city in Central America was Guatemala City.
Costa Rica's distance from this hub led to difficulty in establishing
trade routes and was one of the reasons that Costa Ricans developed in
relative isolation and with little oversight from the Spanish Monarchy ("The Crown"). While this isolation allowed the colony
to develop free of intervention by The Crown, it also contributed to
its failure to share in the prosperity of the Colonies, making Costa
Rica the poorest Spanish Colony in Central America.[10] Costa Rica was described as "the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all Americas" by a Spanish governor in 1719.[11]
Another contributing factor to this poverty was the lack of indigenous people used as forced labor.
While many Spaniards in the other colonies had tribal members working
on their land, most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their
own land themselves. For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large
unappreciated and overlooked by the Crown
and left to develop on its own. It is believed that the circumstances
during this period led to the formation of many of the idiosyncrasies
that Costa Rica has become known for, while at the same time setting
the stage for Costa Rica's development as a more egalitarian society
than the rest of its neighbors. Costa Rica became a "rural democracy"
with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a climate that was milder than that of the lowlands.[12]
Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces in 1821 in a
joint declaration of independence from Spain. After a brief time in the
Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide Costa Rica became a state in the Federal Republic of Central America from 1823 to 1839. In 1824 the capital was moved to San José, but due to an intense rivalry with Cartago,
violence briefly ensued. Although the newly independent provinces
formed a Federation, border disputes broke out among them, adding to
the region's turbulent history and conditions.
Costa Rica's membership in the newly formed Federal Republic of
Central America, now free of Spanish rule, was short lived; in 1838,
long after the Central American Federation ceased to function in
practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign.
The distance from Guatemala City to the Central Valley of Costa Rica,
where most of the population lived and still lives, was great. The
local population had little allegiance to the government in Guatemala
City, in part because of the history of isolation during Colonial
times. Costa Rica's disinterest in participating as a province
in a greater Central American government was one of the deciding
factors in the break-up of the fledgling federation into independent
states, which still exist today. However, all of the Central American
nations still celebrate September 15th as their independence day, which
pertains to the independence of Central America from Spain.
General map of Costa Rica.
Most Afro-Costa Ricans, who constitute about 3% of the country's population, descend from Jamaican immigrants who arrived during the 1880s to work in the construction of railways connecting the urban populations of the Central Plateau to the port of Limón on the Caribbean coast.[13] U.S. convicts and Chinese immigrants also participated in the construction project, conducted by US businessman Minor C. Keith.
In exchange for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government
granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route,
which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States. As a result, bananas came to rival coffee as the principal Costa Rican export, while foreign-owned corporations (including the United Fruit Company) began to hold a major role in the national economy.
Historically, Costa Rica has generally enjoyed greater peace
and more consistent political stability compared with many of its
fellow Latin American nations. Since the late nineteenth century,
however, Costa Rica has experienced two significant periods of violence. In 1917-19, Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile. Again in 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election. With more than 2,000 dead, the resulting 44-day Costa Rica Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rican history during the twentieth-century. Afterwards, the new, victorious government junta,
led by the opposition, abolished the military and oversaw the drafting
of a new constitution by a democratically-elected assembly. Having
enacted these reforms, the regime finally relinquished its power on 8 November 1949 to the new democratic government. After the coup d'etat,
Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic
election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then, Costa Rica has
held 12 presidential elections, the latest being in 2006. All of them
have been widely regarded by the international community as peaceful,
transparent, and relatively smooth transitions.
Geography
-
On the Río Savegre, just below San Gerardo de Dota in the Talamanca Highlands of Costa Rica.
- See also: List of volcanoes in Costa Rica, Islands of Costa Rica, and Category:Waterfalls of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, 10° North of the equator and 84° West of the Prime Meridian. It borders both the Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the North Pacific Ocean
(to the west), with a total of 1,290 kilometers (802 mi) of coastline
(212 km / 132 mi on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km / 631 mi on the
Pacific). It is about the size of West Virginia and shares that state's reputation for excellent whitewater kayaking/rafting opportunities.
Two of the country's most renowned rivers in that regard are the Rio Pacuare and the Rio Reventazon
located near the city of Turrialba about two hours east of San Jose.
Other notable whitewater areas are the Sarapiqui Valley area, several
Pacific coast rivers near Quepos, and the southern Pacific drainage
area around San Isidro de General.
Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km / 192 mi of
border) and Panama to the south-southeast (639 km / 397 mi of border).
In total, Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometers (19,730 sq. mi) plus 589.000 square kilometers of territorial waters.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,810 metres (12,500 ft), and is the fifth highest peak in Central America. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m / 11,257 ft). The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal.
Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island stands out because of its distance from continental landmass (24 km² / 9.25 sq mi, 500 km or 300 mi (480 km) from Puntarenas coast), but Calero Island is the largest island of the country (151.6 km² / 58.5 sq mi).
Costa Rica protects 23% of its national territory within the Protected Areas system. It also possesses the greatest density of species in the world.[14]
Politics
-
- See also: Military of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a democratic republic with a strong constitution. Although there are claims that the country has had more than 115 years of uninterrupted democracy,[15] their presidential election history shows otherwise (see List of Presidents of Costa Rica).
Nonetheless, the country has had at least fifty-nine years of
uninterrupted democracy, making it one of the most stable countries in
the region. Costa Rica has been able to successfully avoid the
widespread violence that has plagued most of Latin America.
Costa Rica is a republic with three powers: executive responsibilities are vested in a president, legislative power is vested on the Legislative Assembly, and Judicial power is vested on the Supreme Court. There also are two vice presidents as well as a cabinet designated by the president. The president, vice presidents, and fifty-seven Legislative Assembly delegates are elected for four-year terms. A constitutional amendment
approved in 1969 limited presidents and delegates to one term, although
delegates were allowed to run again for an Assembly seat after sitting
out a term.
The Supreme Electoral Body, the Office of the Comptroller General,
the Office of the Procurator General of the Republic and the Office of
the Ombudsman also enjoy a lot of independence.
The Supreme Court is divided into 4 chambers, one dealing with
Constitutional Law, one dealing with Criminal Law and two dealing with
Civil Law, Merchant Law and the like.
In April 2003, the constitutional amendment ban on presidential re-election was reversed, allowing Óscar Arias (Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 1987) to run for President for a second term. In 2006, Óscar Arias was re-elected in a tight and highly contested election, running on a platform of promoting free trade. He took office on May 8, 2006.
Certain autonomous state agencies enjoy considerable operational independence; they include the telecommunications and electrical power monopoly, the nationalized commercial banks, the state insurance monopoly, and the social security agency. Costa Rica has no military by constitution.
Provinces and cantons
-
Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces, which in turn are divided
into 81 cantons ("cantón" in Spanish, plural "cantones"), each directed
by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by each
canton's people. There are no provincial legislatures.
- Alajuela
- Cartago
- Guanacaste
- Heredia
- Limón
- Puntarenas
- San José
Economy
Intel microprocessor facility in Costa Rica is responsible for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 4.9% of the country's
GDP.
A coffee plantation in the
Orosi valley
-
According to the CIA World Factbook, Costa Rica's GDP per capita is US$13,500 (2007 estimate); however, this developing country still faces the fourth highest inflation rate in Latin America, lack of maintenance and new investment in infrastructure, over 16% of the people were below the poverty line (2006 estimate) and a 5.5% unemployment rate (2007 estimate).[16] The Costa Rican economy grew nearly 5% in 2006 after experiencing 4 years of slow economic growth.[17]
The central government offers tax exemptions
for those who are willing to invest in the country. Several global high
tech corporations have already started developing in the area exporting goods including chip manufacturer Intel, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, and consumer products company Procter & Gamble. In 2006 Intel's microprocessor facility alone was responsible for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 4.9% of the country's GDP.[18][19] Trade with South East Asia and Russia has boomed during 2004 and 2005, and the country is expected to obtain full Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) membership by 2007 (the country became an observer in 2004).
For the fiscal year 2005, the country showed a government deficit of 2.1%, internal revenue increased an 18%, and exports increased a 12.8%. Revised economic figures released by the Central Bank indicate that economic growth stood at 5%, nevertheless the country faced high inflation (14%) and a trade deficit of 5.2%. As of 2007, Costa Rica's inflation rate stands at 9.30%, Latin Americas 4th highest inflation rate.[16]
In recent times electronics, pharmaceuticals, financial outsourcing, software development, and ecotourism have become the prime industries in Costa Rica's economy. High levels of education among its residents make the country an attractive investing location. Since 1999, tourism earns more foreign exchange than the combined exports of the country's three main cash crops: bananas, pineapples and coffee.[20] Coffee production has played a key role in Costa Rica's history and economy, and by 2006 was the third cash crop export.[20] The largest coffee growing areas are in the provinces of San José, Alajuela, Heredia, Puntarenas, and Cartago. Costa Rica is famous for its gourmet coffee beans, with Costa Rican Tarrazú among the finest Arabica coffee beans in the world used for making espresso coffee, together with Jamaican Blue Mountain, Guatemalan Antigua and Ethiopian Sidamo.[21][22][23][24]
The unit of currency is the colón (CRC), which trades around 495[25] to the U.S. dollar; currently about 800 to the euro. On October 16, 2006, a new currency exchange system was introduced, allowing the value of the CRC colón to float between two bands as done previously by Chile.
The idea is that by doing so the Central Bank will be able to better
tackle inflation and discourage the use of US dollars. Since that time,
the value of the colón against the dollar has stabilized.
Costa Rica's location provides easy access to American markets as it has the same time zone as the central part of the United States and direct ocean access to Europe and Asia. A country wide referendum has approved a free trade agreement with the United States. In the referendum on October 7, 2007, the voters of Costa Rica narrowly backed the free trade agreement, with 51.6 percent of "Yes" votes.[26]
Tourism
-
With a $1.9-billion-a-year tourism
industry, Costa Rica stands as the most visited nation in the Central
American region, with 1.9 million foreign visitors in 2007,[27]
which translates into a relatively high expenditure per tourist of
$1000 per trip, and a rate of foreign tourists per capita of 0.46, one
of the highest in the Caribbean Basin. Most of the tourists come from
the U.S. and Canada (46%), and the E.U. (16%).[28] In 2005, tourism contributed with 8.1% of the country's GNP and represented 13.3% of direct and indirect employment.[29] Tourism now earns more foreign exchange than bananas and coffee combined.[30][20]
Ecotourism is extremely popular with the many tourists visiting the extensive national parks and protected areas
around the country. Costa Rica was a pioneer in this type of tourism
and the country is recognized as one of the few with real ecotourism.[31] In terms of 2008 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, Costa Rica reached the 44th place in the world ranking, being the first among Latin American countries.[32]
Just considering the subindex measuring human, cultural, and natural
resources, Costa Rica ranks in the 24th place at a worldwide level, and
ranks 7th when considering only the natural resources pillar.
Foreign affairs
Costa Rica is an active member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the United Nations University of Peace are based in Costa Rica. The Costa Rican State is also a member of many other international organizations related to human rights and democracy.
Costa Rica's main foreign policy objective is to foster human rights and sustainable development as a way to secure stability and growth.
Costa Rica is also a member of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).
Costa Rica also has had a lifelong battle with Nicaragua, it's
neighboring country over the San Juan River (rio San Juan) which
denotes the border between these two countries; the disagreement
originates from the fact that the river, being Nicaraguan soil, is the
only way of access to several communities in Costa Rica which need to
be served by armed Costa Rican police forces.
On June 1, 2007, Costa Rica broke ties with the Republic of China in Taiwan, switching to the People's Republic of China in mainland China.[33]
Flora and fauna
- See also: Wildlife of Costa Rica and List of birds of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. While the country has only about 0.1% of the world's landmass, it contains 5% of the world's biodiversity.[34][35] Around 25% of the country's land area is in protected national parks and protected areas,[36][37] the largest percentual of protected areas in the world.[38][39]
One national park that is internationally-renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife is the Corcovado National Park.[40][41]
Tortuguero National Park – the name Tortuguero can be translated as "Full of Turtles" – is home to spider, howler and white-throated Capuchin monkeys, the three-toed sloth, 320 species of birds, a variety of reptiles, but is recognized for the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle and is the most important nesting site for the species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest there.
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species,[42] including numerous orchids. Over four hundred types of birds can be found here, and over one hundred species of mammals.[42] As a whole, around eight hundred species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica. The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBIO) is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance.
Demographics
-
According to the CIA World Factbook, Costa Rica has a population of 4,133,884 of which 94% are white (including) castizo, 3% black, 1% amerindian, 1% chinese and 1% other.[43]
The exact amount, however, is not known because the Costa Rican census
combines mestizos and whites in one category. The white population is
primarily of Spanish ancestry[44] with significant numbers of Costa Ricans of Italian, German, Jewish and Polish
descent. In contrast to its neighboring countries' populations, less
mixing of the Spanish settlers and the indigenous populations occurred.
Therefore, a vast majority of Costa Ricans are either of Spanish or
lesser mestizo heritage.
Just under 3% of the population is of black African descent. The majority of the Afro-Costa Ricans are Creole English-speaking descendants of nineteenth century black Jamaican immigrant workers, as well as slaves who were brought during the Atlantic slave trade. The influential remainder of the population vary in ethnic groups from mulattoes who make up 5%.
The indigenous or Amerindian population numbers around 1%, or over 41,000 individuals. In the Guanacaste Province a significant portion of the population descends from a bi-racial mix of local Amerindians and Spaniards. There is also an expatriate community of people of all ages from the United States, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Britain, and other countries.
Costa Rica hosts many refugees, mainly from Colombia and Nicaragua. As a result, an estimated 10% of the Costa Rican population is made up of Nicaraguans,[45] most of whom migrate
for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country. There
is also a growing number of refugees. Moreover, Costa Rica took in many
refugees from a range of other Latin American countries fleeing civil wars and dictatorships during the 1970s and 80s - notably from Chile and Argentina, as well as those from El Salvador who fled from guerrillas and government death squads.[46]
Religion
-
Christianity is the predominant religion in Costa Rica, and Roman Catholicism is the official state religion as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1949. Some 92% of Costa Ricans are Christian [1] and like many other parts of Latin America, Protestant denominations have been experiencing rapid growth. However, three in four Costa Ricans still adhere to Roman Catholicism.[47]
Due to the recent small but continuous immigration of communities from Asia, the Middle East, and other places, other religions have grown, the most popular being Buddhism (because of an increasing Chinese community of 40,000), and smaller numbers of Jewish, Muslim, Bahá’í and Hindu adherents.
There is a Jewish synagogue, the B'nei Israel Congregation, in San José,
near the La Sabana Metropolitan Park. Several homes in the neighborhood
east of La Sabana Metropolitan Park are festooned with the Star of David and other recognizable Jewish symbols.[48]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has seen modest growth in Costa Rica in the last 40 years and has built one of only two temples in Central America in the San Antonio de Belen region of Heredia.[49]
Language
-
- See also: Central American Spanish
The only official language is Spanish.
There are two main accents native to Costa Rica, the standard Costa
Rican and the Nicoyan. The Nicoyan accent is very similar to the
standard Nicaraguan accent due, in part, to its vicinity. A notable
Costa Rican pronunciation difference includes a soft initial and double
[r] phoneme that is not trilled as is normal in the Spanish speaking
world.[50]
Jamaican immigrants in the 19th Century brought with them a dialect of English that has evolved into the Mekatelyu creole dialect.
Marriage
Because Roman Catholicism is the official state religion, only that
church's marriages are legally recognized by the government. Any
persons wishing to wed outside of the Catholic church must hire a
lawyer who will perform and then register their civil wedding for them.
Legal age for marriage in Costa Rica is 18. The age of consent is 15.
Culture
-
Costa Ricans often refer to themselves as tico (masculine) or tica
(feminine). "Tico" comes from the popular local usage of "tico" and
"tica" as diminutive suffixes (e.g., "momentico" instead of
"momentito"). The phrase "Pura Vida!" (approximately translatable to
"This is living!", literal meaning "Pure Life!" as in "Distilled
life!") is a ubiquitous motto in Costa Rica. Some youth use mae, a contraction of "maje" (mae
means "guy/dude"), to refer to each other, although this might be
perceived as insulting to those of an older generation; maje was a
synonym for "tonto" (stupid).
Costa Rica boasts a varied history. Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met. The northwest of the country, the Nicoya peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the sixteenth century. The center and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences.
The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, was populated with African workers during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Most afro Costa Ricans, however, derive from nineteenth-century Jamaican
workers, brought in to work on the construction of railroads between
the urban populations of the Central Plateau and the port of Limon on the Caribbean coast. Italian and Chinese immigrants also arrived at this time to work on railroad construction.
Music
Costa Rican popular music genres include: American and British rock and roll, pop and reggaeton are popular and common among the youth (especially urban youth) while dance-oriented genres like soca, salsa, bachata, merengue , cumbia and Costa Rican swing The guitar is a popular instrument especially as an accompaniment to Folk dances.
Cuisine
See Costa Rican cuisine entry.
Education
-
The literacy rate in Costa Rica is of 96% (CIA World Factbook, February 2007), one of the highest in Latin America. Elementary and high schools are found throughout the country in practically every community. Universal public education
is guaranteed in the Constitution. Primary education is obligatory, and
both preschool and high school are free. There are both state and
private universities.
There are only a few schools in Costa Rica that go beyond the 12th
grade. Those schools that finish at 11th grade receive a Costa Rican
Bachillerato Diploma accredited by the Costa Rican Ministry of
Education.
Famous Costa Ricans
- Francisco Amighetti Painter.
- Óscar Arias Sánchez, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1987) and President of the Republic (1986–1990, 2006-current).
- Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, politician and social reformer. President of the Republic (1940–1944).
- Jose Maria Castro Madriz President, supreme court justice, university founder, newspaper founder.
- Franklin Chang-Díaz, Astronaut.
- José Figueres Ferrer, National caudillo and President of the Republic (1948–1949, 1953–1958, and 1970–1974).
- Joaquín Gutiérrez a famed writer.
- Clodomiro Picado Twight, Toxicologist.
- Claudia Poll Olympic gold medalist.
- Silvia Poll Olympic silver medalist.
- Juan Santamaría The official National Hero.
International Rankings
- (1) Worldwide ranking among countries evaluated. See notes (3) and (4) also
- (2) Ranking among the 20 Latin American countries.
- (3) Ranking among 108 developing countries with available data only.
- (4) Ranking among 71 developing countries
with available data only. Countries in the sample suveyed between
1990-2005. Refers to population below income poverty line as define by
the World Bank's $2 per day indicator
- (5) Because the Gini coefficient
used for the ranking corresponds to different years depending of the
country, and the underlying household surveys differ in method and in
the type of data collected, the distribution data are not strictly
comparable across countries. The ranking therefore is only a proxy for
reference purposes.
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- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries". Retrieved on 2008-03-20. page 240
- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries". Retrieved on 2008-03-20. page 238-240
- ^ Reporters Without Borders. "Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007". Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. "The World in 2007, Democracy Index 2006". Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit et al. (Vision of Humanity website). "Global Peace Index Rankings". Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. "Pocket World in Figures 2008". Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
- ^ World Economic Forum (2008). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008". Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Table 1: Human development index". Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
- ^ The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. "Index of Economic Freedom 2008". Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
- ^ Transparency International. "Global Corruption Report 2007". Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
- ^ World Economic Forum. "The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008". Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Inequality in income or expenditure". Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
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